Oral pathology is the study of diseases that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, salivary glands, tongue, gingiva, and other tissues.
According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 58,450 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer are expected to be diagnosed in the United States in 2024.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving the chances of survival and reducing the risk of complications.
Oral surgeons receive specialized training in identifying, diagnosing, and treating oral pathologies. They work closely with other dental professionals, such as general dentists, to provide comprehensive care for their patients.
Key Takeaway
Oral pathology plays a crucial role in identifying and treating diseases of the oral cavity, including cancer. Early detection and treatment can greatly improve outcomes for patients with oral pathologies. It is essential to visit your dentist for routine checkups to catch any potential issues early on.
Common Oral Diseases and Conditions
Some common oral diseases and conditions include:
- Oral cancer and precancerous lesions: Oral cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease. Precancerous lesions are areas of abnormal tissue that have the potential to turn into oral cancer if left untreated. If you are a smoker, a heavy drinker, or have a family history of oral cancer, you are at an increased risk. All patients, regardless of lifestyle or family history, should be screened for oral cancer at least once a year.
- Infections and inflammatory diseases: These include conditions like gum disease, which is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Other examples include oral thrush and herpes simplex virus (cold sores).
- Salivary gland disorders: Salivary glands produce saliva, which is essential for lubrication and digestion. Disorders affecting these glands can lead to dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, pain, or swelling.
Signs and Symptoms of Oral Cancer
Early detection of oral cancer can greatly improve treatment outcomes. Some signs and symptoms to watch out for include:
- Reddish patches (erythroplasia) or whitish patches (leukoplakia) in the mouth
- A sore that fails to heal and bleeds easily
- A lump or thickening on the skin lining the inside of the mouth
- Chronic sore throat or hoarseness and/or difficulty in chewing or swallowing
Benign Conditions of the Oral Cavity
Not all oral conditions are cancerous or pre-cancerous. Some benign conditions include:
- Cold sores: Commonly caused by the herpes simplex virus, cold sores are contagious blisters that form on the lips and around the mouth.
- Canker sores: These painful ulcers can develop inside the mouth and may be caused by stress, certain foods, or vitamin deficiencies.
- Oral thrush: A fungal infection causing white patches in the mouth.
If you notice any of these symptoms or have concerns about your oral health, it is important to consult with a dental professional for proper evaluation and treatment.
The Role of the Oral Surgeon in Diagnosis
Oral surgeons are specially trained and experienced in diagnosing and treating oral diseases and conditions.
They work closely with dentists, who may refer patients for further evaluation if they notice suspicious lesions during routine checkups.
Patients can also proactively book an appointment directly with an oral surgeon if they have any concerns about their oral health.
Oral Cancer Screening and Biopsies
Oral cancer screenings are a routine part of dental checkups. Your dentist will visually examine your mouth, looking for any suspicious lesions or changes in tissue color and texture.
If any abnormalities are found, a biopsy may be recommended. This involves taking a small sample of the affected tissue to be examined under a microscope for signs of cancer.
There are two types of biopsies commonly used in oral pathology:
- Incisional biopsy: A small piece of tissue is removed from the affected area for further evaluation in a laboratory.
- Excisional biopsy: The entire lesion is removed for examination under a microscope.
The results from the biopsy will determine if further treatment is necessary and what type of treatment will be most effective.
Treatment Options
If the lesion is benign (non-cancerous), removing the tissue is all that is required.
If the biopsy confirms a precancerous lesion, we take a ‘watch and wait’ approach. You will be required to return for checkup appointments every 4–6 months so that we can continually monitor the lesion. Repeat biopsies may be required during that time.
If the biopsy confirms a cancerous lesion, you will be referred to the hospital where you will have a full workup and a treatment plan will be prepared. Treatment may involve surgery alone to remove the site of the lesion and/or possibly additional surgery as well as radiation and chemotherapy.
Partner With Concord Oral Surgery for Expert Care
Our oral surgeon, Dr. Robert Barron, has been practicing oral and maxillofacial surgery in Vaughan since 2004. He has a special interest in pathology and is dedicated to providing patients with expert care and support.
If you have concerns about your oral health, do not delay in seeking professional evaluation. Regular dental checkups and early detection can greatly improve treatment outcomes for many oral diseases and conditions.
To book an appointment at our oral surgery office in Vaughan, call (905) 669-2616 or complete the appointment request form.
FAQs About Oral Pathology
Is oral pathology covered by OHIP?
Oral pathology services are not typically covered by OHIP. However, some private insurance plans may cover a portion of the cost.
What is the meaning of oral pathology?
Oral pathology is the study and diagnosis of diseases and conditions affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions.
Does everyone need an oral cancer screening?
It is recommended that all patients, regardless of lifestyle or family history, should have an annual oral cancer screening. According to the American Cancer Society, the average age of people diagnosed with cancer of the oral cavity or orophargyngeal cancer is 64. However, 1 in 5 cases occur in people younger than 55.
What can I expect during an oral biopsy?
During an oral biopsy procedure, the area to be examined will be numbed with a local anesthetic. The biopsy itself is typically not painful and may involve removing a small sample of tissue or the entire lesion, depending on the type of biopsy being performed.
How long does it take to get results from an oral biopsy?
The time it takes to receive results from an oral biopsy can vary depending on the specific condition being tested for and the lab conducting the analysis. Generally, patients can expect to receive their results within 1–2 weeks.
Can I prevent oral cancer?
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent oral cancer, you can reduce your risk by avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol use, maintaining good oral hygiene, and getting regular checkups with your dentist and oral surgeon.
Oral Health Quiz
Take this quiz to assess your oral health and determine if you should consult a medical professional.
Answer each question honestly and evaluate your need for a dental checkup or further examination by an oral specialist.
Have you noticed any persistent sores or ulcers in your mouth lasting more than two weeks?
- A) Yes
- B) No
Do you experience chronic bad breath despite maintaining good oral hygiene?
- A) Yes
- B) No
Have you observed any unusual lumps or thickening inside your mouth or on your tongue?
- A) Yes
- B) No
Are there any areas in your mouth where you experience persistent bleeding or discoloration, such as reddish or whitish patches?
- A) Yes
- B) No
Have you been experiencing difficulty swallowing, chewing, or persistent sore throat without a known cause?
- A) Yes
- B) No
Have you had any unexplained changes in your voice, such as hoarseness, lasting more than a month?
- A) Yes
- B) No
Evaluation:
- If you answered “Yes” to any of the questions, it is recommended to schedule an appointment with a dental professional or oral surgeon for a thorough evaluation. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment and management of potential oral health issues.
- If you answered “No” to all the questions, continue maintaining regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene to ensure long-term oral health.
